SPEAKING : SPEECH

·        Direct speech

   Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation (“…”) and should be word for word.

·        Indirect speech

    Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. When the reporting speech, the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past.

·        Example

NO.	Direct speech	Indirect speech
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.	He said, “The woman is coming.” He said, “The woman may come.” Ali said, “I will do it or never.” He said to me, “Where are you going?” He asked me, “Can you come along?” He said to me, “Don’t come late.”	He said the woman was coming. He said that the woman might come. Ali said that he would do it now or never. He asked me where I was going. He asked me if I could come along. He asked me not to come late.

READING : ANALYZE CHARACTER, SETTING, ETC..!

·        Plot

Story has a certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another. This arrangement of events to some end – for instance to create significance, raise the level of generality, extend or complicate the meaning – is known as ‘plot’.

·        Character

Characters in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human nature; they may represent only one or two traits – a greedy old man who has forgotten how to care about others, for instance, or they may represent very complex conflicts, values and emotions.

·        Setting

Stories requires a setting; this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general. Often setting will have particular culturally coded significance – a sea-shore has a significance for us different from that of a dirty street corner, for instance, and different situations and significances can be constructed through its use.

·        Theme

Theme is also important to, theme is especial idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.

·        Point of view

Point of view interpreted as a position of author to events in story. There is point of view of first person singular and there is third person singular point of view.

·        Language style

Language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.

·        Message

Moral value.

ADVERTISEMENT

 

·        Definition : An information for persuading and motivating people so

that they will attract to the service and the things that are

offered or informed.

·        Function of advertisement :

·        Promotion

·        Communication

·        Information

·        In making advertisement, keep the following points :

1)           Language of advertisement

·        Using the correct or suitable words.

·        Using the interesting and suggestive expressions.

·        Text of advertisement should be directed to the gals.

2)           Content of advertisement

·        Objective and honest

·        Brief and clear

·        Not allude group or other producer 

·        Kind of advertisement :

·        Family advertisement

·        Invitation advertisement

·        Sponsored advertisement

·        Requested advertisement

·        News advertisement

·      Example :

PERFECT TENSE

      Definition : Used to express action that has been completed with

respect to the present

      Perfect tense can be used in 3 situation :

1)           To indicate something that has happen at an indefinite time in the past. Ex : I have that movie already

2)           To indicate something which started in the past and continuous until now. Ex : I have lived in New York for 9 years.

3)           To indicate something occurred recently. Ex : I have been sick lately.

      Formula :

A.         +}  S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + COMP

- }  S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + COMP

? }  HAVE/HAS + S + BEEN + COMP

Ex : +   Mike has been there

        -    Mike has not been there

        ?   Has mike been there ?

B.    +}  S + HAVE/HAS + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

       - }  S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

       ? }  HAVE/HAS + S + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

Ex : +   Mira has collected data

        -    Mira has not collected data

       `?   Has Mira collected data

      Kind of Perfect tense :

1)     PAST PERFECT TENSE

A.         {+}  S + HAD + BEEN + COMP

B.          {+}  S + HAD + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

2)     FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

A.         {+}  S + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + BEEN + COMP

B.          {+}  S + WILL/SHALL + HAVE + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

Will : You, they, he, she, it

Shall : I, we

GREETING

       Definition : The sentences that write or say to open a conversation before we share past experience to others from us. However, we can also use greeting to open conversation and use leave-taking for closing.

       Informal greeting :

·              Hi, Intan..

·              Morning, Ma’am..

·              Hello everybody..

       Formal greeting :

·              Good morning

·              Good afternoon

·              Good evening

       Closing/leave taking :

·              Goodbye (formal-informal)

·              Bye-bye, bye, bye now, see you, take care..

·              See you later … fine

·              See you soon … OK

·              Good night

      Responding to initial greeting :

·              Oh, pretty good

·              Excellent

·              Fine, thanks

·              Not too bad, thanks

·              I’m good/okay/alright

       Pre-closing :

·              OK, then

·              I’ve got to go now

·              So, I’ll see you next week

·              I thing, I’d better be going now

·              Well, it’s time for me to leave

·              I must be going home

      Example :

Chika : Hi, Ika !! How are you ?

Ika     :  Hi, Chika !! I’m very well now, what about you ?

Chika : I’m pretty good,.. By the way, where are you going now ?

Ika     :  I will visit my aunt, I’ve got to go now. See you, bye ..!!

Chika : OK, see you next time. Bye-bye… !!!

PRESENT TENSE

   Definition : Used to talk about activities or situations that happen

the current.

   Simple present is used :

·         To express habits, general truths, repeated actions, emotion and wishes.

·        To give instruction or direction

·        To express fixed arrangement, present or future.

  The formula :

A)      +} S + TOBE + NOUN/COMP/ADJ     

           -} S + TOBE + NOT + NOUN/COMP/ADJ

           ?} TOBE + S + NOUN/COMP/ADJ

Ex :    +  Ira is a doctor

          -   Ira is not a doctor

          ?   Is Ira a doctor

B)               +} S + VERB1 + OBJ/COMP

 -} S + DO/DOES + NOT + VERB1 + OBJ/COMP

           ?} DO/DOES + S + VERB1 + OBJ/COMP

Ex :    +  We play basketball

           -   We do not play basketball

           ?   Do we play basketball.

Tobe :

·        Am : I

·        Is : He, she, it

·        Are : You, we, they

Do : I, you, we, they

Does : He, she, it

  Kind of Present tense :

1)           PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS TENSE

A.         {+}  S + TOBE + BEING + COMP

B.          {+}  S + TOBE + VERB + ING + OBJ/COMP

2)           PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A.         {+}  S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + COMP

B.          {+}  S + HAVE/HAS + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

3)           PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A.         {+}  S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + BEING + COMP

B.          {+}  S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB + ING + OBJ/COMP

PAST TENSE

   Definition : Used to talk about activities or the situations that began and ended in the past.

  The frame :

A.    +}  S + WAS/WERE + COMP

- }  S + WAS/WERE + NOT + COMP

?}  WAS/WERE + S + COMP

                        Ex.  + You were thin

                                 -  You were not thin

                                 ?  Were you thin ?

B.    +}  S + VERB2 + OBJ/COMP

 -}  S + DID + NOT + VERB1 + OBJ/COMP

 ?}  DID + S + VERB1 + OBJ/COMP

                         Ex.  + He did his homework

                                  -  He did not do his homework

                                  ?  Did he do his homework ?

  Kind of Past tense :

1)     PAST PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS TENSE

A.               {+}  S + WAS/WERE + BEING + COMP

B.                {+}  S + WAS/WERE + VERB + ING + OBJ/COMP

2)     PAST PERFECT TENSE

A.               {+}  S + HAD + BEEN + COMP

B.                {+}  S + HAD + VERB3 + OBJ/COMP

3)     PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A.               {+}  S + HAD + BEEN + BEING + COMP

B.                {+}  S + HAD + BEEN + VERB + ING + OBJ/COMP

PROCEDURE TEXT

  Definition : to give someone instruction about something is

achieved through a sequence of steps.

  Text organization :

·       Goal (The final purpose of doing instruction)

·       Materials (ingredients, utensils, equipment to do instruction)

·       Steps (a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)

  Language features :

·        Use of simple present often imperatives sentences

·        Use the temporal conjunction, first, second, then, next, finally.

·        Action verb, turn off, stir, hold up, open…

  Example :

PROCEDURE FOR CURING A SKIN

FUNGAL INFECTION

Goal : To cure a skin fungal infection known medically as “tinea pedis”

Materials : Antifungal ointment, clean water, soap, towel.

Steps :

1)           Wash the infected area

2)           Dry the infected area

3)           Rub the ointment gently in to the infected area

4)           Repeat steps 1 to 3 twice every day

5)           Continue treatment for at least one week

6)           Consult your doctor or pharmacist if there is no important