PREPOSITION IN, ON and AT

A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

·      I live in Palangka Raya.

·      We will meet the principal on Monday.

·      My sister and I always study at night.

The bold-typed words are prepositions. A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.

Preposition	Usage
in	You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places. Example: ·       Months " in May ·       Seasons " in winter ·       Country " in France ·       City or town names " in Paris ·       Times of the day " in the morning, afternoon or evening. Exception: at noon, at night
on	You use ‘on’ with specific days. Examples: on Friday, on New Year’s Day, on August 7th Note: American English " ‘on the weekend’ or ‘on weekends’
at	You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places. Examples: at 7 o’clock, at 7.30, at night, at school Note: British English " ‘at the weekend’ or ‘at weekends’

Look at these examples:

>     I have a meeting at 9am.

>     The shop closes at midnight.

>     Mitchie went home at lunchtime.

>     In England, it often snows in December.

>     Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to French last August. (not in last August)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

 

Things you may find around the house

*      Light bulb(s)

*      Plug(s)

*      Socket(s)

*      Torch(es)

*      Ceiling light(s)

*      Lamp(s)

*      Curtain(s)

*      Shelf (shelves)

*      Telephone(s)

*      Box(es)

*      Plug(s)

*      Battery (batteries)

*      Photo(graph)(s)

Rooms

 *      Living Room

*      Settee(s)

*      Armchair(s)

*      Coffee table(s)

*      Display cabinet(s)

*      Hifi stand(s)

*      TV cabinet(s)

*      Television(s) / tv(s)

*      Hifi(s)

*      Speaker(s)

*      Cushion(s)

*      Rug(s)

Things we do in the Living Room

*      People watch TV in the living room.

*      People sit and read a book in the living room.

*      People listen to music in the living room.

      Bedroom

*      Bed(s)

*      Bedside cabinet(s)

*      Bedside table(s)

*      Dressing table(s)

*      Wardrobe(s)

*      Chest of drawer(s)

*      Brush(es)

*      Comb(s)

*      Hair dryer(s)

*      Pillow(s)

*      Sheet(s)

*      Clothes

Things we do in the Bed Room

*      People listen to music in the bedroom.

*      People sleep in the bedroom.

*      People get dressed or undressed in the bedroom.

       Kitchen

*      Table(s)

*      Chair(s)

*      Bin(s)

*      Cooker(s) / oven(s)

*      Microwave (oven)(s)

*       fridge(s)

*       dishwasher(s)

*      Tap(s)

*      Coffee maker(s)

*      Food mixer(s)

*      Coffee maker(s)

*      Food mixer(s)

*      Liquidizer(s)

*      Saucepan(s)

*      Frying pan(s)

*       sieve(s)

*      Kettle(s)

*        teapot(s)

Things we do in the Kitchen

*      People prepare food in the kitchen.

*      People cook in the kitchen.

*      People sometimes eat in the kitchen.

*      People make coffee or tea in the kitchen.

*      People put the food away in the kitchen cupboards.

       Bathroom

*      Chair(s)

*      Basin(s)

*      Bath(s)

*      Toilet(s)

*      Toilet roll(s)

*      Toilet brush(es)

*       hairdryer (hairdryers)

*       toothbrush(es)

*      Shaving foam razor(s)

*      Toilet seat(s)

Things we do in the Bed Room

*      People get dressed or undressed in the bathroom.

*      People have a shave in the bathroom.

*      People brush their teeth in the bathroom.

*      People take a shower in the bathroom.

*      People have a bath in the bathroom.

Other Rooms:

Attic                     : People store things in the attic.

Ballroom              : A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.

Box Room           : A small room used for storage.

Cellar                   : Underneath the house.

Cloakroom           : A small room where people put their coats.

Conservatory       : A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.

Dining Room       : A room where people eat.

Drawing Room    : A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.

Games Room       : A room in large houses where games are played.

Hall                      : The entrance passage to a house.

Larder                  : A small room used for the storage of food.

Library                 : A room where books are kept.

Lounge                 : Another name for living room.

Music Room        : A room where people play music.

Office                   : A room where people work.

Pantry                  : A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.

Parlor                   : Old fashioned word for living room.

Sitting Room        : Another name for living room.

Guest Room         : A room where guests sleep.

Toilet                   : A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)

Utility Room        : A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE     :  (a) Mary helped the boy.

                               S             V

PASSIVE    :  (b) The boy was helped by Mary

Form of the passive : be + past participle

In the passive voice, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: “the boy” in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

ACTIVE     :  (c) An accident happened.

PASSIVE    :  (d) (none)

Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seem (intransitive verbs) in the passive.

Examples of Passive Voice:

*      Simple Present

ACTIVE (A)    : Mitchie helps Shane

PASSIVE (P)   : Shane is helped by Mitchie

*      Present Continuous

A : Mitchie is helping Shane

P : Shane is being helped by Mitchie

*      Present Perfect

A : Mitchie has helped Shane

P : Shane has been helped by Mitchie

*      Simple Past

A : Mitchie helped Shane

P : Shane was helped by Mitchie

*      Past Continuous

A : Mitchie was helping Shane

P : Shane was being helped by Mitchie

*      Past Perfect

A : Mitchie had helped Shane

P : Shane had been helped by Mitchie

*      Simple Future

A : Mitchie will help Shane

P : Shane will be helped by Mitchie

*      Be going to

A : Mitchie is going to help Shane

P : Shane is going to be helped by Mitchie

*      Future Perfect

A : Mitchie will have helped Shane

P : Shane will have been helped by Mitchie

Using Passive Voice

(a)     Rice is grown in India.

(b)     Our house was built in 1890.

(c)      This olive oil was imported from Spain.

Usually passive voice is used without a “by phrase.” The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.

In (a) : Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. In sentence (a), it is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.

(a), (b), (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without the “by phrase.”

(d)     Life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain.

The “by phrase” is included only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d), by Mark Twain is important information.

(e)     My aunt made this rug. (active)

(f)      This rug was made by my aunt.

(g)     That rug was made by my mother.

If the speaker/writer knows who performs an action. Usually the active is used, as in (e).

The passive may be used with the “by phrase” instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two rugs.

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT

Formal expressions:

·        I wonder if you remember.....

·        You remember...., don’t you?

·        You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

·        Don’t you remember.....?

·        Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

·        Let me think, yes, I remember.

·        I remember especially the scenery.

·        I’ll never forget that

·        I’ll always remember.

·        I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

·        Remember the old house we used to live in?

·        Remember that?

·        I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

·        Hold on. Yes, got it!

·        I know.....

·        It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

·        Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

·        I’m affraid I forget.

·        I really can’t remember.

·        I’m afraid I have no memory of him

·        Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.

·        Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Angga?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

A. In order to
1. Future tense “will”
a. To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.
Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.

b. To offer to do something.
Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.

c. To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

d. To ask someone to do something.
Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.

e. To predict event that will be happened
Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.

f. To assert an incident/event that will be sure happened.
Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die

2. Future tense “shall”
a. To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3. Future tense “be going to”
a. To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.

b. To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.
Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain

B. Time signal
1. Tomorrow Morning-/Afternoon-/Evening-/Night-….
2. Next Time-/Week-/Month-/Year-/January-….
3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

C. Formation of sentences
1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI
Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example: I am going to play tennis
They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story

2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example: I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Note: shall not = shan’t
Will not = won’t

b. Subject + be not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present

3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ?
Example: will we play tennis?

b. Be + subject + going to + VI ?
Example: is she going to write a story?

NOUN PHRASES

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

Example 1:

Shaggy: Do you like books?

Bean    : Yes, I like them.

Shaggy: Do you like books over there?

Bean    : Yes, they are nice.

Shaggy: Do you like the book I brought yesterday?

Bean    : Yes, I like it.  (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’

Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("pre-modified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "post modified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible modifiers include:

*           Determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;

*           Adjectives (the red ball); or

*           Complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);

*           Modifiers; pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A post modifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where i live). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.