A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a
pronoun to show place, position, time or method.
·
I live in Palangka Raya.
·
We will meet the principal on
Monday.
·
My sister and I always study at
night.
The bold-typed words are
prepositions. A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or
a pronoun to show place, position, time or method.
Preposition
Usage
in
You use ‘in’ with periods
of times and places.
Example:
·
Months " in May
·
Seasons " in winter
·
Country " in France
·
City or town names " in Paris
·
Times of the day " in the morning, afternoon or evening.
Exception: at noon, at night
on
You use ‘on’ with specific
days.
Examples: on Friday, on New Year’s Day, on August 7th
Note: American English " ‘on the weekend’ or ‘on
weekends’
at
You use ‘at’ with specific
times and specific places.
Examples: at 7 o’clock, at 7.30, at night, at school
Note: British English " ‘at the weekend’ or ‘at
weekends’
Look at these examples:
>
I have a meeting at 9am.
> The
shop closes at midnight.
> Mitchie went home at lunchtime.
>
In England,
it often snows in December.
>
Do you think we will go to Jupiter in
the future?
Notice the use
of the preposition of time at in
the following standard expressions:
Expression
Example
at night
The stars shine at night.
at the weekend
I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter
I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time
We finished the test at the same time.
at present
He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use
of the prepositions of time in
and on in these common
expressions:
in
on
in the morning
on Tuesday morning
in the mornings
on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)
on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)
on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also
use at, in, on.
I
went to French last August.
(notin last
August)
He's
coming back next Tuesday. (noton next Tuesday)
In the passive voice, the
object of an active verb becomesthe subject of the passive
verb: “the boy” in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). (a) and
(b) have the same meaning.
ACTIVE : (c) An accident happened.
PASSIVE : (d) (none)
Only transitive verbs (verbs
that are followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to
use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seem
(intransitive verbs) in the passive.
Examples of Passive Voice:
*
Simple Present
ACTIVE (A) : Mitchie
helps Shane
PASSIVE (P) : Shane is
helped by Mitchie
*
Present Continuous
A : Mitchie is helping Shane
P : Shane is being helped by
Mitchie
*
Present Perfect
A : Mitchie has helped Shane
P : Shane has been helped by
Mitchie
*
Simple Past
A : Mitchie helped Shane
P : Shane was helped by
Mitchie
*
Past Continuous
A : Mitchie was helping Shane
P : Shane was being helped by
Mitchie
*
Past Perfect
A : Mitchie had helped Shane
P : Shane had been helped by
Mitchie
*
Simple Future
A : Mitchie will help Shane
P : Shane will be helped by
Mitchie
*
Be going to
A : Mitchie is going to help
Shane
P : Shane is going to be
helped by Mitchie
*
Future Perfect
A : Mitchie will have helped
Shane
P : Shane will have been helped
by Mitchie
Using Passive Voice
(a) Rice is grown in India.
(b) Our house was built in
1890.
(c) This olive oil was
imported from Spain.
Usually passive voice is used
without a “by phrase.” The passive is most frequently used when it is
not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.
In (a) : Rice is grown in India by
people, by farmers, by someone. In sentence (a), it is not known or important
to know exactly who grows rice in India.
(a), (b), (c) illustrate the
most common use of the passive, i.e., without the “by phrase.”
(d)Life on the Mississippiwas
written by Mark Twain.
The “by phrase” is
included only if it is important to know who performs an action. In (d), by
Mark Twain is important information.
(e) My aunt made this rug.
(active)
(f) This rug was made
by my aunt.
(g) That rug was made by my
mother.
If the speaker/writer knows
who performs an action. Usually the active is used, as in (e).
The passive may be used with
the “by phrase” instead of the active when the speaker/writer wants to focus
attention on the subject of a sentence. In (f) the focus of attention is on two
rugs.
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for
offering something to someone.
Ways to say it * Would you like a cup
of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Angga?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends: * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions: * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering: * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
Simple future is used for describing job or action that will
to do (happened) at future.
A. In order to
1. Future tense “will” a. To assert incident/event that future and
decide that incident at talking. Example= A: can you help me to do this home work?
B: of course, I will do it for you.
b. To offer to do something. Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: don’t worry. I will lend you.
c. To assert an agreement to do something.
Example= A: you must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.
d. To ask someone to do something. Example= A: it’s very hot in my room.
B: certainly.
e. To predict event that will be happened Example= A: will I pass the test next month?
B: don’t worry, you will pass.
f. To assert an incident/event that will be sure
happened. Example= A: I’m seventeen years old now.
How old will I be next year?
B: you will be eighteen years old next years.
All people and animals in the world will die
2. Future tense “shall” a. To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?
Note: shall for subject “I, we”
3. Future tense “be going to” a. To assert an incident that will be
happened and gone ever break a promise to do it. Example= A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: oh, I’m sorry I forgot.
I’m going to send it tonight.
b. To assert an incident/event that cause there are
incident/event that mention that what will be next happened. Example= A: The sky is very dark.
What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain
B. Time signal
1. Tomorrow Morning-/Afternoon-/Evening-/Night-….
2. Next Time-/Week-/Month-/Year-/January-….
3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by
C. Formation of sentences 1. Positive (+):
a. Subject + shall/will + VI Example: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
She will give a present
Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”
b. Subject + be + going to + VI
Example: I am going to play tennis They are going to swim very fast
He is going to write a story
2. Negative (-)
a. Subject + shall/will + not + VI Example: I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Note: shall not = shan’t
Will not = won’t
b. Subject + be not + going to + VI Example: I am not going to give a present
3. Interrogative (?)
a. Shall/will + subject + VI ? Example: will we play tennis?
b. Be + subject + going to + VI ? Example: is she going to write a story?
A noun
phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as
the subject or object of a verb.
For example, ‘they’,
‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can
see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
Example 1:
Shaggy: Do you like books?
Bean :
Yes, I like them.
Shaggy: Do you like books
over there?
Bean :
Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy: Do you like the
book I brought yesterday?
Bean : Yes,
I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’
Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally
modified ("pre-modified" If the modifier is placed before the noun;
"post modified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible
modifiers include:
*Determiners:
articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that),
numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their,
etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.). In English,
determiners are usually placed before the noun;
*Adjectives (the
red ball); or
*Complements, in
the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics),
or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);
*Modifiers;
pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university
student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or
post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A post modifier may be either a
prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative
clause (the house where i live). The difference between modifiers
and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun;
complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just
give additional information about the noun.
A finite
verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according
to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs
can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete
sentences.
Every
grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite
verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
Some interjections can play the same role. Even in
English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where
it could have a subject and a
finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).
For example
· I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
* (to) walk is an infinitive.
· I lived in French.
* "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject
did. "Lived" is a finite verb.
"Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and
their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when
you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:
1. Most finite verbs
can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time
in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or
so finite verbs do not have these endings.
2. Nearly all
finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present
when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs;
celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can
and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog
races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person
singular dog.
3. Finite verbs
are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must,
have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
In this pattern, it
has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence.
Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A
and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A
was introduce mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill
the position both of the subject and object.
Introductory “it” as a subject:
·
To watch musical programs is pleasant.
It is pleasant to watch musical program.
·
To play football must be fun.
It is fun to play football.
When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is
an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is
difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
· It is easy to learn
English. > (To learn English is easy).
· It is easy to find
fault with others. > (To find fault with others is easy).
· It is difficult to know
his motive. > (To know his motive is difficult).
· It is difficult to
find a good job during these troubled times.
· It is dangerous to
play with fire.
· It could be dangerous
to drive so fast.
Note :
When we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be
put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
· To err is human OR It
is human to err.
· To become a well known writer
was his life-long ambition OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a
well known writer.
· To invest all your money in
shares is foolish OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.
When the
subject is a gerund phrase
When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it
is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying
‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool
us.’
· It won’t be any good
complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
· It is silly throwing
away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
· Will it be any good my
talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
· It is no fun having so
many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)
Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an
infinitive.
· It won’t be any good for
me to complain to the manager.
· It is silly (for you) to
throw away this opportunity.
· Will it be any good for me
to talk to him about it?
· Many of these sentences can
also be re-written as exclamatory sentences.
· How silly of you to throw
away this opportunity!
When the
subject is a clause
When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins
with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we
say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.
· It does not matter whether he
comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
· It is required that he should
pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
· It is clear that he overheard
our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
· It is clear that you are not
interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
· It cannot be denied that they
tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be
denied. )
· It doesn’t matter whether we
buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )
Introductory it with seem, appear and look
Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the
subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
· It looked doubtful
whether she would come
· It seemed strange that
she should behave like that.
· It seems possible that
she may quit the job.
· It appeared unwise to
offend him.
· It does not seem
much good going on with the work.
Introductory it as an object
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think,
feel, deem, count, consider etc.
· Don’t you think it
dangerous to drive so carelessly?
· I consider it a privilege
to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
· I
think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
· I think it a pity that
she could not win.
· We think it improper
that he should be so dictatorial.
· He made it clear what
he wanted.
· I find it difficult to
talk to him.
Introductory it in questions
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.
· Who was it that broke
the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
· Why was it that he
stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
